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    Params: post, 255371, a:20:{i:0;s:86:"日报标题:想要成为发明家,更重要的是好脑瓜,还是好爸妈? ";i:1;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"http://pic4.zhimg.com/c7f2df9474322a7b07461f2e3b89b7ab_is.jpg";}}i:2;s:40:" Manolo,经济学/历史学爱好者 ";i:3;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/7473f947f02ca9f212d2ea82f5f9fdcc_b.png";}}i:4;s:901:" 先上图,这张图描绘的是芬兰近 20 年来父亲收入和孩子成为发明家概率的关系,可以看到非常明显的正相关。Aghion 和 Akcigit 等学者在 2015-16 年间陆续完成了几篇研究发明家的论文,非常有趣。这篇专栏旨在简单介绍这几篇论文。开头先给结论:从个体层面看,父母收入高 / 教育程度高的孩子明显更容易成为发明家,主要原因是这些父母的子女教育程度更高。从现有数据看,这些孩子接受更多教育主要原因可能有二,一是机会成本更低,二是他们平均智商更高。此外,控制父辈和收入以后,IQ 作用依然显著。创新短期内能够显著提高个人和他 / 她同伴的收入。长期来看,创新者的老板受益,而他 / 她的普通同事利益可能受损。另外,神棍预测一下,Aghion 应该拿诺奖了吧。 ";i:5;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/cd654087a34bb5bdf3c5ef08cd8e23d0_b.png";}}i:6;s:899:" 芬兰是个很独特的样本,原因有二。首先,芬兰数据太好了。作者在这篇文章中合并使用了三个数据库:芬兰统计局年度调查数据和人口普查数据;欧洲专利库数据;芬兰国防军智商测试。第一个库覆盖了芬兰境内几乎所有人口的基本资料,包括姓名、性别、住址、收入等,从第二库作者找出了所有持有专利的芬兰人。第三个库需要着重说明一下,因为几乎所有芬兰男性在 20 岁左右都会服兵役,而服兵役需要参加智商测试。因此,从这一块我们可以拿到几乎所有芬兰成年男性的智商数据。补充一点,芬兰人做的也是 Raven‘s Test。上下两张图画了个大致情况,可以看到有专利的这部分,平均教育程度更高,IQ 更高,父亲收入也更高。原文中还画出了母亲收入,结果类似。 ";i:7;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/c821edfed896aabdfa783bbea2c80c1e_b.png";}}i:8;s:787:" 第二个原因是芬兰太好了,此处不是移民广告。芬兰从初等教育到高等教育是全部免费的,这意味着如果他 / 她是一位芬兰公民,那他 / 她几乎不存在因家庭贫困辍学的可能。虽说个人选择肯定要受家庭背景影响,但现在由于学费这一块约束没有了,实际决策中个人因素就会多一些。如果我们在芬兰都发现父母背景对孩子未来有很大影响,那我们马上可以想到,那些福利不如芬兰的国家,影响幅度可能更大。因为在这些国家,孩子接受教育成本更高,更加需要父母的支持和补贴,很有可能他们的选择和成就都更加依赖于父母。即使把问题背景换成“成为一名发明家”,情况也是类似的。 ";i:9;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/389b253e940216c39a1c4ceb1bb37194_b.png";}}i:10;s:884:" 实际情况怎么样呢?我们前面看到,成为发明家和本身教育程度、父母收入等因素都密切相关。为把这些因素区别开来,作者在控制一大堆变量的基础上,做了许多回归和分解,得到以下结论:在芬兰,对个人成为一名发明家影响最大的是自身教育程度,占 81.7%,接下来是 IQ,占 16.8%。父母财富、父母收入和父母教育在影响中所占比重分别是 0.9%、0.4%和 0.1%上面这张图简要地画出了研究结果。横轴代表父亲收入,从左到右代表收入排名从最低到最高。对比黄色线(高智商且学习自然科学)和棕线(高智商且没有学习自然科学)我们可以看到,是否持有 MSc 学位影响非常大,在父亲收入最高的地位有接近 2 倍的差距。是否属于高智商也有影响,但幅度没那么大。 ";i:11;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/94ee5b4e3f36630fdccc2a0561e9ee19_b.png";}}i:12;s:888:" 这样看来,似乎个人奋斗可以压过投胎的行程。只要生下来智商不错,再选一个科学学科读大学,你我都能成为发明家。不过,作者进一步考虑了 IQ 和家庭收入,发现二者高度相关,这不啻于一记重击。前面提过,单纯智商的差距只能解释 20%不到的差距,那是不是选个好学校和好专业就可以了呢?作者发现,教育程度和家庭收入 / 父母教育同样高度相关。实际上,我们在一开始看到不同家庭孩子参与创造发明概率的差别,绝大部分都来自不同家庭背景孩子教育程度上的差别。作者进一步发问:是什么导致了这种教育程度的差别?我们很自然会想到金融约束:一般家庭的孩子没资本,即使做出了发明也难以起步,所以就退出了发明家行列。事实是否真的如此呢? ";i:13;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/7f20febd10c6ed019c6c45078f669ecc_b.png";}}i:14;s:931:" 作者进一步考虑了律师和医师这两个行业。在芬兰,读法律和医学不仅免学费,还可以很容易地向政府申请到资助,在毕业后也比较好找到收入体面的工作。按理说,如果真是金融约束决定了个体的选择,这两个行业受家庭背景影响的幅度应该要小一些。结果又让我们失望了。看上面这张图,我们发现:首先,三个行业,家庭背景对成功就业概率影响的曲线形状很像;其次,除金字塔顶端外,其他出身的孩子要当律师或者医生比当发明家更难,这两个行业似乎更吃家庭背景。最后,在金字塔顶端,几乎在 99.5 分位数往上的地方,当发明家才变得更难。因此,家庭背景很可能不是根本因素。作者认为,导致家庭背景和教育程度高度收入的相关因素很可能是机会成本和 IQ,但没有做更细致的研究。 ";i:15;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/73894e361882c07c7ee8cdf9d23c1267_b.png";}}i:16;s:957:" 发明专利能给个人和所属机构带来什么呢?作者也做了细致的考察。首先,做出发明会给自己带来特别明显的收益,正效应会一直延续到 10 年以后。控制其它变量,第一年收入平均要高 1.7%,第五年高 0.95%,第十年高 0.69%,所有 10 个系数都显著。公司里的普通员工收入一开始也会显著增加,第一年会高 0.89%,第三年会高 0.27%,但这个效用从第四年以后就基本没有了。从第五年开始,发明家同事甚至会带来负面效应,收入平均要低 0.1%左右,大部分系数都显著。最乐意看到员工搞发明的应该就是老板了。平均而言,公司里每多一个发明家,第一年老板的收入要高 17%,第二年要高 6%,第十年还要高 4%。中间有个低谷,但大部分系数都显著。最后,如果有一项专利,个体实现向前 10%收入分位点跃进的概率会明显上升。 ";i:17;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:61:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/87ecc4afaa9f627e1774e51d1f0dfadb_b.png";}}i:18;s:1415:" 我们最后讲一点两位作者和其他合作者得到的几个发现。在 Akcigit 和另外两位合作者用 1940 年代前后美国数据做的另一篇研究里,他们得到了和本文类似的结果:发明家和好爸爸有高度正相关,主要因果渠道也是教育,部分验证了这篇文章。此外,前面讲的都是个体层面的结果,Aghion 和 Akcigit,以及另外几位学者合作,研究了宏观层面专利数量和质量与收入不平等的关系。结果发现:专利数量和质量基本取决于前 1%收入人群的收入分布状况,和社会整体收入不平等程度没有显著关系。最后总结一下:好爸妈有更大概率让孩子接受更好教育,进而成为发明家,因果渠道可能是好脑瓜。当上发明家确实可以幸福自己、造福社会,但长期也可能肥了老板,苦了同事。最后,发明和社会不平等关系不大,但本身在个体层面可以促进社会流动。 参考文献: Aghion P, Akcigit U, Bergeaud A, et al. Innovation and top income inequality[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. Aghion P, Akcigit U, Toivanen O. Living the American Dream in Finland: The Social Mobility of Innovators[R]. mimeo Harvard, 2016. Akcigit U,Grigsby J, Nicholas T. The Birth of American Ingenuity: Innovation and Inventors of the Golden Age[R] University of Chicago Working Paper, 2016. ";i:19;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"url";s:6:"option";s:36:"http://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/21976352";s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:44:"[URL='http://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/21976352']";i:1;s:6:"[/URL]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"阅读原文";}}}, 1621686945, 1716454636
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  58. library/XenResource/Listener/Proxy/ModelUser.php
  59. library/XenGallery/Model/User.php
  60. library/XenForo/Permission.php
  61. library/XenForo/Helper/Php.php
  62. library/XenForo/Phrase.php
  63. library/XenForo/Locale.php
  64. library/XenForo/ControllerHelper/ForumThreadPost.php
  65. library/XenForo/ControllerHelper/Abstract.php
  66. library/XenForo/Model/Thread.php
  67. library/SV/RedisCache/XenForo/Model/Thread.php
  68. library/BestAnswer/Model/Thread.php
  69. library/BestAnswer/Model/BestAnswer.php
  70. library/XenForo/Model/Forum.php
  71. library/XenForo/Helper/String.php
  72. library/XenForo/Model/Post.php
  73. library/FreddysHouse/SignatureOnce/Event/LoadClassModel.php
  74. library/BestAnswer/Model/Post.php
  75. library/FreddysHouse/SignatureOnce/Model/Post.php
  76. library/XenForo/Model/Attachment.php
  77. library/XenForo/Model/Node.php
  78. library/XenForo/Route/Prefix/Categories.php
  79. library/XenForo/Route/Prefix/Forums.php
  80. library/XenForo/ControllerResponse/View.php
  81. library/XenForo/ControllerResponse/Abstract.php
  82. library/XenResource/Listener/Template.php
  83. library/XenForo/ViewRenderer/HtmlPublic.php
  84. library/XenForo/ViewRenderer/Abstract.php
  85. library/XenForo/Template/Public.php
  86. library/XenForo/Template/Abstract.php
  87. library/XenForo/ViewPublic/Thread/View.php
  88. library/XenForo/ViewPublic/Base.php
  89. library/XenForo/View.php
  90. library/XenForo/BbCode/Parser.php
  91. library/XenForo/BbCode/Formatter/Base.php
  92. library/XenForo/ViewPublic/Helper/Message.php
  93. library/XenForo/BbCode/TextWrapper.php
  94. library/WhoHasVisited/Listener.php
  95. library/XenForo/Route/Prefix/Members.php
  96. library/XenForo/Template/FileHandler.php
  97. library/XenForo/Helper/File.php
  98. internal_data/templates/S.1,L.7,thread_view.php
  99. library/Brivium/RMDownloadTracker/EventListener/Listener.php
  100. library/XenForo/Route/Prefix/Posts.php
  101. library/XenForo/Model/Avatar.php
  102. library/XenForo/Helper/Criteria.php
  103. library/XenForo/Debug.php
  104. internal_data/templates/S.1,L.7,PAGE_CONTAINER.php
  105. internal_data/templates/S.1,L.7,xengallery_tab_links.php
  106. internal_data/templates/S.1,L.7,resources_tab_links.php
  107. library/XenForo/ViewRenderer/Json.php