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长江，亚洲第一长河，既是我们的母亲河，也是一条以洪水闻名的大河。
本文由新华网客户端 x 星球研究所联合发布
它汇聚 1 万余条支流，占据全国径流量的 1/3，滋养近 5 亿人口，流域横跨全国 19 个省市自治区。
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02.万里长江静静流淌过千年古城荆州，摄影师@邓双
但是长江频发的大洪水又带来巨大灾难，1931 年死亡 14.5 万人，1954 年死亡 3.3 万人，1998 年死亡 1526 人（以上数据仅包含直接死亡数）。
";i:8;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:78:"而当 2020 年的滔滔洪水再次来袭，我们如何才能守卫家园？";}}i:9;s:2:"
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03.位于湖北省鄂州市的观音阁下部被江水淹没，摄影师@冯光柳
";i:14;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:11:"01、堤防";}}}}i:15;s:80:"
长江源于青藏高原，容纳百川东流入海，按地形大致可分为";i:16;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"七个区域。";}}i:17;s:2:"
";i:18;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:19;s:17:"请横屏观看
";i:20;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-83a919ce303380676f2829b337d9bdee_b.jpg";}}i:21;s:76:"
04.长江水系地形图，制图@陈志浩 / 星球研究所
最西端的";i:22;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"江源区";}}i:23;s:53:"高寒少雨、荒无人烟，河水肆意横流。
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05.长江北源楚玛尔河，摄影师@刘夙培
";i:28;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"横断山区";}}i:29;s:3:"、";i:30;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:21:"秦巴 - 武陵山区";}}i:31;s:77:"则山高谷深，洪水受地形束缚难以漫流，危害相对较小。
";i:32;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:33;s:2:"
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06.流经云南省丽江市古城区金安镇附近的金沙江，摄影师@李祺
这里的城镇乡村也大多明显高于河面，并不用建起高大的堤防，需要防范的主要是山洪泥石流等。
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";i:38;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c12cd5bf12c0c185b9f9b060054f363d_b.jpg";}}i:39;s:85:"
07.金沙江边的攀枝花市沿河谷两岸分布，摄影师@君子裕
低洼的";i:40;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"四川盆地";}}i:41;s:119:"虽汇聚四方来水，但由于地势抬升，河流下切较深，大洪水的威胁只限于河边少数地区。
";i:42;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:43;s:2:"
";i:44;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-24a62ea38a6143a23d404e3f9e6aadcf_b.jpg";}}i:45;s:85:"
08.金沙江畔背山面水的宜宾，摄影师@水手郑志华
最东端的长江";i:46;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"下游区，";}}i:47;s:224:"自江西省湖口县至入海口没有大的支流汇入，且江阔水深、东临东海，洪水容易下泄，因此这里的大洪水往往来自中上游而非本地，而紧邻中游的安徽河段最易受影响。
";i:48;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:18:"▼请横屏观看";}}i:49;s:2:"
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09.安徽省芜湖市长江江面，摄影师@张浩然
";i:52;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:21:"江汉 - 洞庭盆地";}}i:53;s:3:"与";i:54;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"鄱阳湖盆地";}}i:55;s:184:"腹地则是饱受洪水之苦的最主要地区。这里地势低洼，前者海拔普遍在 20-40m，后者则为 10-30m，四周群山环绕，大小河流纷纷向中心汇聚。
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10.长江中游两大盆地示意，制图@陈志浩&郑伯容 / 星球研究所
河水与泥沙冲积出肥沃的土地，人烟稠密、经济繁荣。
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11.武汉市西郊汉江两岸的农田、村镇，图片来源@VCG
但盆地内河流落差小，水流易于壅塞。每到汛期，上游下泄的洪水、本地降下的暴雨、下游顶托的水流三者合力，迅速推高干流与支流的水位。再加上膨胀的人口围湖造田、开荒种地，许多能调蓄洪水的湖泊显著萎缩甚至消失，洪水无处宣泄。
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12.江西省余干县康山乡的圩[wéi]田，位于鄱阳湖东南，图片来源@VCG
于是，最早自东晋起，盆地中生活的人们开始在长江两岸筑起堤防，作为抵御洪水的";i:68;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"基础防线。";}}i:69;s:175:"但堤防束缚水流的同时，也阻碍了泥沙溢出河道，大量泥沙在河道内淤积并抬高河床，大堤也不得不相应加高，形成恶性循环。
▼
";i:70;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-a5d99324df0d2febc130bda11840e48d_b.jpg";}}i:71;s:423:"
13.荆江大堤上的荆州万寿宝塔，建于明代，由于大堤不断加高，塔基已低于堤面 7m 多，摄影师@邓双
与此同时受制于技术和经济条件，早期许多堤防并不牢靠，每到汛期屡屡溃口，汹涌的洪水撕裂大堤冲刷地表，常形成深达数米的深潭和水道。洪水肆意横流、泛滥成灾，所到之处房倒田毁、惨绝人寰。
▼请横屏观看
";i:72;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-485b471d2ed8f715f3c78ae3c295bcb2_b.gif";}}i:73;s:343:"
14.长江中下游大洪水淹没范围示意[1870/1931/1954]，制图@陈志浩 / 星球研究所
1931 年长江中下游大洪水造成 14.5 万人死亡，其中湖北 6.6 万、湖南 4.7 万；1954 年长江中下游大洪水造成 3.3 万人死亡，其中湖北 3.1 万，而溃口留下的痕迹甚至历经百年也难以磨灭。
";i:74;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:75;s:2:"
";i:76;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-96c330907979e12f2cd9d0445a1d5cc4_b.jpg";}}i:77;s:355:"
15.荆江文村甲溃口扇影像图，1842 年文村溃口形成该溃口扇，也称决口扇，溃口形成的深潭被开发为鱼塘，而水道则被种上了水稻等作物，制图@陈志浩 / 星球研究所
新中国成立后，尤其是经历了 1954 年及 1998 年大洪水后，我们全面加固和扩建了原有堤防，形成了长约 ";i:78;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:8:"64000km ";}}i:79;s:89:"的堤防体系，其中以湖北、湖南、江西及安徽最长，包括约 3900km 的";i:80;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"长江干堤，";}}i:81;s:2:"
";i:82;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:83;s:2:"
";i:84;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f71855b04be9fa600818a3a8ca5b48be_b.jpg";}}i:85;s:127:"
16.安徽省安庆市长江两岸江滩被水淹没，江水直逼长江大堤，摄影师@陈肖
汉江、湘江、赣江等";i:86;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"支流堤防，";}}i:87;s:2:"
";i:88;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:89;s:2:"
";i:90;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-55288af6d0856d89725dfdb27c5d059d_b.jpg";}}i:91;s:112:"
17.湖北省仙桃市汉江大堤，大堤两侧分布着防护林，摄影师@李念
洞庭湖和鄱阳湖等";i:92;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"湖泊堤防，";}}i:93;s:2:"
";i:94;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:95;s:2:"
";i:96;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-21efa28e0c368c3aea3dbf2498eb1279_b.jpg";}}i:97;s:148:"
18.江西省鄱阳县的珠湖联圩，左侧鄱阳湖水高涨，右侧珠湖由于圩堤保护水位较低、水体清澈，图片来源@VCG
及";i:98;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"城市堤防";}}i:99;s:8:"等。
";i:100;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:101;s:2:"
";i:102;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-650d82275a64cf06e64807ce70491050_b.jpg";}}i:103;s:309:"
19.2020 年 7 月 12 日，南京下关长江水位已显著超过城市地面，市民在防洪墙上的步道上散步，图片来源@VCG
在低洼的两大盆地腹地，很多堤防高于城镇、乡村，成为海拔最高的地方。
堤防守护着广阔的平原与大小城镇，以著名的长江";i:104;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:6:"荆江";}}i:105;s:47:"河段为例，它在平原上肆意蜿蜒，
";i:106;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:107;s:2:"
";i:108;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-7ae60fefcf19f8b132f722005a319ca9_b.jpg";}}i:109;s:288:"
20.荆江曲流，左侧为湖南省岳阳市和洞庭湖口，荆江指宜昌枝城至岳阳城陵矶之间的江段，摄影师@蓑笠张
在荆州城区的水位常常超过 40m，1998 年大洪水时，甚至达到 45.22m，而堤内的荆州城区高程大多不足 35m。正所谓";i:110;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:36:"“万里长江，险在荆江”，";}}i:111;s:56:"一道牢固的堤防就成了当地的生命防线。
";i:112;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:113;s:2:"
";i:114;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-a4405442f107f9e52532d612d22f56ee_b.jpg";}}i:115;s:130:"
21.高出荆州城区十多米的荆江大堤，摄影师@邓双
大堤的高度一般依据历史最高洪水位设计，称为";i:116;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"设计水位，";}}i:117;s:119:"也叫保证水位。堤顶则根据大堤的重要性等，还要超过设计水位 1.0~2.5m，以防水流溢出。
";i:118;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:119;s:2:"
";i:120;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-b3c25af4621cffe488aac76559d8bdf1_b.jpg";}}i:121;s:328:"
22.2020 年 7 月 23 日，荆州监利城区的长江水位接近保证水位，江水淹没了江滩，接近大堤顶部，摄影师@向源翰
大堤由近似梯形的人工填土筑成，地基常含有砂层、大堤也混有砂粒，因砂粒间孔隙大，易渗水破坏大堤安全，有的大堤还嵌入了竖直的";i:122;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"防渗墙，";}}i:123;s:23:"以防大堤溃决。
";i:124;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:125;s:2:"
";i:126;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-dfa013fe0d507ef7353cd7a782f1038f_b.gif";}}i:127;s:308:"
23.荆江南岸大堤防渗墙示意，本文水位一般指吴淞高程，吴淞高程 - 黄海高程≈1.7m，制图@王申雯 / 星球研究所
而对于横跨两江四岸的武汉，城区紧邻江边，堤防建设空间有限，难以提升堤防高度，于是又在原有土堤的基础上修筑了";i:128;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"防洪墙。";}}i:129;s:2:"
";i:130;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:131;s:2:"
";i:132;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-f81ce3449805a8575602de13ab0788c9_b.jpg";}}i:133;s:263:"
24.武汉汉口龙王庙前的防洪墙，江水淹没了江边的步道，与堤内地面仅隔着一堵墙，图片来源@VCG
防洪墙主要由混凝土构成，树立在河岸上，相对于填土筑堤节省了建设空间，墙顶可高出地面 3~5m。
";i:134;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:135;s:2:"
";i:136;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-be40a912d9996d993285632f5816c392_b.gif";}}i:137;s:297:"
25.武汉武昌城区防洪墙示意，制图@王申雯 / 星球研究所
在修筑堤防的同时，我们也开展了河道整治工程，例如下荆江裁弯取直工程，减少了河道曲流，使该河段水流速度加快排洪能力更强，不过这也加大了下游防洪压力。
";i:138;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:139;s:2:"
";i:140;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ad6a82c1a46420f23e21d3399e85aa36_b.gif";}}i:141;s:423:"
26.下荆江河道演变示意，其中中洲子和上车湾为人工裁弯，下荆江指藕池口以下的荆江，制图@陈志浩 / 星球研究所
凭借堤防加固和河道整治，自 1954 年后长江主要干支流，已经鲜有溃口发生。
但考虑到高大的堤防建设成本高、占地多、影响生产生活，堤防的防洪能力并不能无限提升。如长江荆江河段，防洪标准仅为";i:142;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"10 年一遇，";}}i:143;s:138:"武汉河段为 20~30 年一遇，一些支流堤防甚至更加脆弱，因此难以保证两岸安全，我们需要第二道防线。
";i:144;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:145;s:2:"
";i:146;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-504f40d8ec17ca66d4fcf1bb5c94f948_b.jpg";}}i:147;s:274:"
27.2020 年 7 月 16 日，湖北省阳新县军垦农场富水溃口后，直升机通过吊装网兜、空投石块等封堵溃口；所谓 N 年一遇，表示某年发生特定大小洪水的概率为 N 分之一，并不是说 N 年只发生一次；图片来源@VCG
";i:148;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:11:"02、水库";}}}}i:149;s:152:"
当洪水来势凶猛，长江行洪能力捉襟见肘时，上游的水库可以拦蓄洪水降低下游河道堤防的压力，最著名的莫过于";i:150;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"三峡水库。";}}i:151;s:2:"
";i:152;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:153;s:2:"
";i:154;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-f6fba4431f3f9eced9b5fdd4d23ed8c1_b.jpg";}}i:155;s:190:"
28.三峡大坝，拦蓄江水形成三峡水库，图片来源@VCG
由于长江洪涝灾害严重，防洪是三峡水库的第一任务，发电倒是其次。其水电装机容量高达";i:156;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:14:"2250 万 kW，";}}i:157;s:181:"远高于前世界第一大水电站，南美洲伊泰普水电站的 1400 万 kW。
但两者发电量相当，主要原因就在于三峡水库承担着艰巨的防洪任务。
";i:158;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:159;s:17:"请横屏观看
";i:160;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c596525cb1bd52f5837fbe80855ed569_b.jpg";}}i:161;s:115:"
29.云雾缭绕的三峡大坝，摄影师@李心宽
每年冬半年，三峡水库逐步蓄水至正常蓄水位";i:162;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:7:"175m，";}}i:163;s:15:"相应库容为";i:164;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:14:"393 亿 m³，";}}i:165;s:204:"远高于鄱阳湖的容积，超过百米的高差和充足的水量可以转化为巨大的电能。
但每年 6 月 10 日之前，三峡水库要将存水排出，把水位降低至汛期限制水位";i:166;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:7:"145m，";}}i:167;s:89:"以留出充足的库容防洪，大量江水白白流走，这就减少了发电量。
";i:168;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:169;s:2:"
";i:170;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-1919d025444a8d4f5e9a6cd379c48e3e_b.jpg";}}i:171;s:82:"
30.三峡大坝开闸泄洪，图片来源@VCG
三峡水库的防洪库容高达";i:172;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:16:"221.5 亿 m³，";}}i:173;s:152:"占总库容的一半多。就在今年 7 月初，洞庭湖城陵矶站与鄱阳湖湖口站水位均接近各自保证水位，情况十分危急。
";i:174;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:175;s:2:"
";i:176;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-e7edd7dde9ef43818689b9ea09cff398_b.jpg";}}i:177;s:314:"
31.2020 年 7 月 18 日，江西省九江市鄱阳湖的落星墩，低处被湖水淹没，图片来源@VCG
三峡水库紧急削减下泄流量，一周内拦蓄洪水约 30 亿 m³，缓解了两湖的燃眉之急。
不过仅靠三峡水库还不足以满足防洪需求，因此数十年来我们建成了";i:178;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:5:"5 万";}}i:179;s:91:"多座水库，总库容达 3600 多亿 m³，相当于 9 个三峡水库，组成了一个";i:180;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:18:"超级水库群。";}}i:181;s:15:"
其中 41 座";i:182;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"控制性水库";}}i:183;s:62:"防洪库容达 598 亿 m³，可以装下两个鄱阳湖。
";i:184;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:185;s:2:"
";i:186;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-8774479eda651f90690afed596b90669_b.jpg";}}i:187;s:152:"
32.纳入联合调度的控制性水库，这些水库防洪功能强、作用大，制图@陈志浩&王申雯 / 星球研究所
包括雅砻江上的";i:188;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:6:"二滩";}}i:189;s:3:"和";i:190;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"锦屏一级";}}i:191;s:27:"等水库，金沙江上的";i:192;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"溪洛渡";}}i:193;s:11:"水库，
";i:194;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:195;s:2:"
";i:196;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-e783660b74f68798067ee2805032f960_b.jpg";}}i:197;s:76:"
33.位于四川和云南之间的溪洛渡水库，摄影师@柴峻峰
及";i:198;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"向家坝";}}i:199;s:3:"和";i:200;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"乌东德";}}i:201;s:14:"等水库，
";i:202;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:203;s:2:"
";i:204;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-bbe69b307a466c9e2134aeb6a6d156e4_b.jpg";}}i:205;s:91:"
34.云南省水富市附近的向家坝水库，摄影师@柴峻峰
也包括汉江上的";i:206;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"丹江口";}}i:207;s:21:"水库，清江上的";i:208;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"隔河岩";}}i:209;s:3:"和";i:210;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"水布垭";}}i:211;s:21:"水库，沅江上的";i:212;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"五强溪";}}i:213;s:17:"水库等等。
";i:214;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:18:"▼请横屏观看";}}i:215;s:2:"
";i:216;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d81fe98739641423a58b2bc8b1ab22a0_b.jpg";}}i:217;s:146:"
35.湖北省宜昌市的隔河岩水库，图片来源@VCG
通过上述水库的联合调度，荆江河段防洪标准从 10 年一遇提高到";i:218;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:16:"100 年一遇，";}}i:219;s:202:"远高于堤防本身的防御能力，其下游河段防洪能力也相应提高。
这也是虽然近年洪水频发，但再没有出现类似 1998 年洪水时那种被动局面的重要原因。
";i:220;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:221;s:2:"
";i:222;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-af90cf95c3f2b28530a01be2a70d1357_b.gif";}}i:223;s:211:"
36.三峡水库防洪作用示意，遇 1870 年型洪水是否运用三峡水库淹没范围对比，制图@陈志浩 / 星球研究所
再者，为了避免泥沙淤积减少水库库容，我们还实施了";i:224;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:33:"水土保持重点防治工程，";}}i:225;s:89:"通过植树造林、退耕还林还草等，有效减轻了长江流域水土流失。
";i:226;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:227;s:2:"
";i:228;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-e39ccd9de5e3979fa6752cb0c88ca8da_b.jpg";}}i:229;s:360:"
37.贵州毕节纳雍县百兴镇垭口村的人工林，图片来源@VCG
当然，即使有数万座水库，但我们依然无法“驯服”桀骜的长江。
首先，与近 1 万亿 m³的长江径流量相比，防洪库容还很不足，而且水库不能无限增加，它需要占用大量土地，对于人多地少的中国来说代价巨大。
";i:230;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:231;s:2:"
";i:232;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-27cb5a0f15b020f46cf00c42b7d6605a_b.jpg";}}i:233;s:202:"
38.水色翠绿的清江隔河岩水库，图片来源@VCG
其次，这些水库大多位于长江干支流上游，但暴雨频繁、受灾最重的中下游却因地势平坦，难以修建水库。";i:234;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:93:"即使大如三峡，对于距离遥远的武汉以下河段，防洪作用也十分有限。";}}i:235;s:2:"
";i:236;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:237;s:2:"
";i:238;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-11d515f5e5d890d9a34813f20dd42a02_b.jpg";}}i:239;s:112:"
39.湖北省恩施州清江水布垭水库，摄影师@李云飞
因此，我们还需要第三道防线。
";i:240;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:17:"03、蓄滞洪区";}}}}i:241;s:62:"
当出现堤防和水库都无法抵御的超额洪水时，";i:242;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"蓄滞洪区";}}i:243;s:178:"便登场了。
它地势低洼，外围是高大的堤防，堤防上设置有闸门，平时将洪水隔离在外，在分洪时闸门开启，把洪水“引狼入室”。
";i:244;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:245;s:2:"
";i:246;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-066185539743fc39526040cb736e3a12_b.jpg";}}i:247;s:190:"
40.江西省上饶市余干县的鄱阳湖康山片区，大堤右下为康山蓄滞洪区，左上为鄱阳湖，图片来源@VCG
在 1870 年，宜昌长江干流的洪峰流量曾高达";i:248;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:14:"105000m³/s，";}}i:249;s:153:"远超荆江河段的行洪能力。以这样的流量，只需 130 多秒即可填满杭州西湖，2 天半即可填满三峡水库的防洪库容。
";i:250;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:251;s:2:"
";i:252;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-f751fcef9463bfc8f91b479822d58f29_b.jpg";}}i:253;s:487:"
41.三峡大坝下游的老黄陵庙，1870 年大洪水淹没了庙内禹王殿立柱，图片来源@VCG
虽然现在通过三峡水库等的调蓄，可以将流量削减至 80000m³/s 以内，但这仍然超过荆江的承受范围，这时候就需要蓄滞洪区了。
1952 年春，30 万军民只花了 75 天便完成了荆江分洪区的建设，分洪区面积达 921km²，几乎相当于鄱阳湖的 1/4，有效蓄洪容积可达 54 亿 m³，为三峡水库的 1/4。
";i:254;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:255;s:2:"
";i:256;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-77d22dbf7b095a9afa624c08c3fbcdf8_b.gif";}}i:257;s:298:"
42.荆江分洪区示意，制图@陈志浩&王申雯 / 星球研究所
而仅仅两年后的 1954 年，20 世纪最大的大洪水席卷而来，这里先后三次分洪，成功降低了荆江河段水位，避免了更大危险。这次实践充分证明了修建蓄滞洪区的正确性。
";i:258;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:259;s:2:"
";i:260;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-9e56f4cc3eea45ec0fe2450aa198bbd7_b.jpg";}}i:261;s:316:"
43.荆州城区对岸，荆江分洪区内的公安县埠河镇沿着大堤分布，摄影师@邓双
目前，长江中游干流已建成了 42 处主要蓄滞洪区，总面积约 1.2 万 km²，相当于两个上海市，有效蓄洪容积为 589.7 亿 m³，与长江控制性水库群的防洪库容相当。
";i:262;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:263;s:2:"
";i:264;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-9665a67153ff42591b1e2b911b0fbb5c_b.jpg";}}i:265;s:184:"
44.长江中下游干流蓄滞洪区分布，请横屏观看，制图@陈志浩 / 星球研究所
这些蓄滞洪区分布于长江干流两岸和鄱阳湖、洞庭湖周围，例如";i:266;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:18:"荆江分洪区，";}}i:267;s:15:"作为唯一的";i:268;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:21:"重点蓄滞洪区，";}}i:269;s:101:"对于荆江河段的安全至关重要，是蓄滞洪区的“领头羊”。
武汉沉湖附近的";i:270;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:24:"杜家台蓄滞洪区，";}}i:271;s:50:"是武汉、汉川、仙桃等地的守护者。
";i:272;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:273;s:2:"
";i:274;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-e9de49e882447fd51a2b6b885369c13d_b.jpg";}}i:275;s:325:"
45.湖北省仙桃市汉江杜家台分洪闸，是杜家台蓄滞洪区的进水闸，自 1956 年建成以来已启用了 20 余次，摄影师@尹权
此外，1998 年以来，长江中下游严重阻碍行洪的洲滩民垸(yuàn)相继进行了平垸行洪、退田还湖，增加了蓄洪容积数十亿立方米。
";i:276;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:277;s:2:"
";i:278;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-12893305ecb886cd9ebb03d84ceda414_b.gif";}}i:279;s:357:"
46.2016 年湖北对武汉梁子湖中的一处垸堤永久爆破，实现退垸还湖，图片来源@荆楚网
然而，蓄滞洪区作用虽大，但其内往往有大量农田和城镇，分洪前必须将居民迁走，那些迁不走的农田、房屋、工厂等则将淹没于水下，因此不到万不得已，蓄滞洪区不会轻易启用。
";i:280;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:23:"04、看不见的体系";}}}}i:281;s:194:"
1998 年 8 月 16 日夜，荆江大堤边，面对远超设计防洪能力的洪水，我们撤离了荆江分洪区内的 30 多万公安县人民，爆破防淤堤的炸药也已埋好。
";i:282;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:283;s:2:"
";i:284;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-771e6b3cdf83f88b959467699d95e87f_b.jpg";}}i:285;s:297:"
47.荆江分洪区北闸，分洪时洪水将从这里涌入公安县，远处为荆江，摄影师@邓双
如果分洪，则数十万人流离失所，几十年积累的财富将化为泡影；如果不分洪，则从荆州到武汉的江堤随时可能出现溃口，损失将更加惨重。
";i:286;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:287;s:2:"
";i:288;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-34b91220b93869599dc115c3da4a34ba_b.jpg";}}i:289;s:451:"
48.1998 年大洪水期间，武汉人民在水中跋涉，图片来源@VCG
在那个不眠之夜，分洪区内的广播不停播发着即将分洪的消息，巡视人员不断发出预警信号。解放军已经在北闸防淤堤待命，分洪区的百姓远远望着即将被淹没的家乡。
各方专家与国家防总紧急会商，认为虽然洪峰水位超过历史纪录，但严守大堤可以挺过去，不建议分洪。
最终，";i:290;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:30:"“共和国没有开闸”，";}}i:291;s:105:"沿岸百万军民严防死守，长江干流没有再溃口，而 30 多万人的家园也保住了。
";i:292;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:293;s:2:"
";i:294;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-85ed7a48330c86c49b31880893e4431e_b.jpg";}}i:295;s:238:"
49.1998 年 9 月 15 日清晨，首批 6000 多名人民子弟兵胜利完成抗洪救灾任务，撤离江西九江；25 万九江市民挥洒着热泪，送亲人踏上归途，摄影师@周国强
而成功决策的背后，是一个";i:296;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:21:"看不见的体系，";}}i:297;s:160:"它构成了堤防、水库、蓄滞洪区三道防线之外的最后一道防线。
在这个体系里，3 万多个水文、气象站点及卫星等组成的";i:298;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"监测网，";}}i:299;s:71:"实时监测并反馈水雨情信息，为防洪决策提供依据。
";i:300;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:301;s:2:"
";i:302;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-e3e1d42532158908f3ec363a8dfb442a_b.jpg";}}i:303;s:106:"
50.位于鄱阳湖口的湖口水文站，图片来源@VCG
从两院院士到专业技术人员组成的";i:304;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"专家团队";}}i:305;s:135:"分析洪水形势、预测未来趋势，提出防洪应对方案；从国家防汛抗旱总指挥部到各地基层组织组成的，";i:306;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"行政体系";}}i:307;s:74:"调度防洪人员、物资，决策、实施防洪的方案与措施。
";i:308;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:309;s:2:"
";i:310;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-9dfec9e518508d37b6fc96bb44251878_b.jpg";}}i:311;s:127:"
51.向江西省永修县修水三角联圩溃口运送土石的车辆，摄影师@胡寒
从解放军到当地居民组成的";i:312;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:15:"一线人员，";}}i:313;s:47:"巡视、加固堤防，实施抢险救灾。
";i:314;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:315;s:2:"
";i:316;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-916112f260e5cfe81aeff063103c806e_b.jpg";}}i:317;s:267:"
52.解放军战士在进行反滤体作业，预防大堤渗水危害，图片来源@东部战区微信公众号
这个看不见的体系，协调、运行着数万公里堤防、数万个水库、数十个蓄滞洪区和数不清的闸、站、渠、泵等等。
";i:318;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:319;s:2:"
";i:320;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-486ad1b912acd59702752943ebacb204_b.jpg";}}i:321;s:330:"
53.江苏省南京市滁河上的三汊湾水利枢纽，摄影师@周文军
正是这四道防线，共同构成了守护长江安澜的保护网，保护着广达 180 万 km²的土地，保护着近 5 亿人口，保护着全国 40%的 GDP，保护着全国 30%的粮食产量。
正是有了这四道防线，我们才能
";i:322;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:45:"“不管风吹浪打，胜似闲庭信步”";}}i:323;s:2:"
";i:324;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:3:"▼";}}i:325;s:2:"
";i:326;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:64:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-78c151d23ccc2eecd70e07f242a80c9f_b.jpg";}}i:327;s:178:"
54.2020 年 7 月 13 日，武汉市区的江水快淹到黄花矶凉亭的亭顶，长江救援志愿队队员在水中巡查，摄影师@张乔
全文完，感谢阅读。
";i:328;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"创作团队";}}i:329;s:2:"
";i:330;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:4:"list";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:6:"[LIST]";i:1;s:7:"[/LIST]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:178:"
[*]撰文：王朝阳
[*]图片：蒋哲睿、谢禹涵
[*]设计：王申雯、郑伯容
[*]地图：陈志浩
[*]审校：撸书猫、云舞空城
[*]封面图片来源：VCG
";}}i:331;s:133:"
PS：就在本文写作期间，中国工程院院士，著名水利水电工程专家，三峡水利枢纽工程设计总工程师";i:332;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:9:"郑守仁";}}i:333;s:94:"病逝；谨以此文向广大水利工作者和抗洪一线人员致敬
【参考文献】
";i:334;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:4:"list";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:6:"[LIST]";i:1;s:7:"[/LIST]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:629:"
[*][1]国家防汛抗旱总指挥部. 长江防御洪水方案（2015）[EB/OL]. 2015.
[*][2]水利部长江水利委员会. 长江防洪地图集[M]. 科学出版社, 2001
[*][3]水利部长江水利委员会. 长江流域蓄滞洪区图集[M]. 科学出版社, 2007.07.
[*][4]水利部长江水利委员会. 长江重要堤防隐蔽工程地图集[M]. 科学出版社, 2004.09.
[*][5]汪应国, 李劲松. 惊心动魄: 1998 荆江分洪大转移[J]. 当代经济, 1998.
[*][6]仲志余. 长江防洪[M]. 长江出版社, 2007.
[*][7]郭铁女, 余启辉. 长江防洪体系与总体布局规划研究[J]. 人民长江, 2013.
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